Since its birth, creative photography has experienced a very bumpy path, fighting to become an independent art form.
While the basic steps to capture and make permanent an image were given freely to the world by the French government in 1839, the process proved to be arcane and difficult, requiring great skill. And there was a serious complication: the procedure demanded developing light sensitive silver plates over the fumes of mercury, slowly poisoning its practitioners.
From those very first years, photography stood accused of being incapable of being a fine art because it was made by a machine, the camera. By the turn of the century, the process had been made safe and also vastly simplified. Cameras became affordable and plentiful worldwide. Photography boomed as a hobby and camera clubs were everywhere. Photographers did not even have to develop film or print negatives. Anyone could make a picture, declared the Kodak ad: "You push the button. We do the rest."
For the first third of the twentieth century, most photographers adopted a style called Pictorialism in which photographs were made to replicate the look of established art forms. Soft-focus lenses, matte-textured and brown-toned printing papers, manipulation of the negative’s light-sensitive emulsion, romantic lighting, deliberate simplification of detail—many different effects were used in the effort to make a photograph look like a charcoal or an etching, or pastel drawing, manipulative techniques to show the hand of man overpowering the apparent machine, so that photography could be considered art. In addition, pseudo-historical subject matter became a popular subject to communicate the serious purpose of the photographer.
As a young man, American Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946) studied photochemistry in Germany and gained prominence in photographic circles there by winning prizes at various salons and exhibitions. He returned home and became a leader of the Camera Club of New York. Stieglitz rejected Pictorialism, including the popular soft-focus lens, and chose instead lenses capable of sharp focus. He preferred natural light to the traditional artificial studio lighting. His viewfinder framed uncontrived, natural compositions in the city streets. His goals were to promote photography as a respected and independent medium: his vision of photography was art. Stieglitz opened a succession of hugely influential New York art galleries. While he exhibited photographs, paintings, and sculpture over the next four decades, covering the first half of the twentieth century, he found but a handful of photographers to be worthy of his support. It can be said that during his lifetime he was the most powerful leader in photograpy in the world. But he nurtured an atmosphere of exclusivity. He represented only artists who figuratively knelt before him. He charged his clients premium prices and would sell only to those he deemed worthy. He cultivated a new sensibility that eschewed Pictorialism but embraced elitism.
In 1932, an American photography movement, Group
f.64, determined to set its own course, establishing photography as a fine art without Stieglitz’s exclusionary practices, including gender equality. Unable to gain recognition by Stieglitz, members of Group
f.64 judged him to be out of touch with reality, with the contemporary world. They were exclusive only in their shared beliefs. They also agreed that photography must be wrested from the Pictorialists once and for all. Together they pledged to forge their own identity, separate from and in contrast with Stieglitz’s approach.
Group
f.64 named itself for a tiny aperture setting on view camera lenses: focal length,
f.64. A small lens opening combined with long-enough exposure time yielded the finely focused image with great depth of field that they demanded in their prints. Photography is the medium of light—light focused by a lens. Photography is capable of producing an image of exquisite sharpness of detail, with great depth-of-field, and a full range of tonalities. Photography can be an expression of immediacy. It can capture the world as it is seen and expressed by the photographer (although not necessarily as it really exists).
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© Courtesy of the Imogen Cunningham Trust
Magnolia Blossom by Imogen Cunningham, 1925
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© Collection Center for Creative Photography, Arizona Board of Regents
Shell 1S by Edward Weston
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© Courtesy of Mary Alinder
The Golden Gate Before the Bridge by Ansel Adams
Most likely Group
f.64 was the first art movement created at its very inception by both women and men. The members came from all walks of life. Three were college students, two were studio portrait photographers, one was a failed classical pianist, others were a housewife, a banker, a department store manager, a photographic assistant, and a newspaper photographer. All worked in their spare time to express themselves as creative artists, as creative photographers.
To promote their philosophy they decided they must take their plan for photography to the masses. In the tradition of the other avant-garde movements of that century, they wrote a manifesto to proclaim publicly their beliefs and chart a plan of action. They posted it on the wall of their first museum exhibition in November 1932 at San Francisco’s M.H. de Young Memorial Museum.
They knew that not only the example of their photographs but also education would be the key to their crusade. That meant writing books and magazine articles. That meant teaching workshops and establishing schools and departments of photography at universities and museums. They did all these things:
Making a Photograph, a basic textbook on how to create a finely focused negative and a sharp print from that negative (1935); the first Department of Photography in a museum—the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), NY (1940); and the first Department of Photography (as a creative art) at a college degree granting institution—San Francisco Art Institute (1945).[“Making a Photograph,” excerpt or?; Picture of MoMA Department of Photography reading room, 1942; William Heick, “Guest Instructor Dorothea Lange and Ansel Adams Discussing Photographs by Lisette Model with Students,” 1948; Al Richter, “Edward Weston Pointing Out Rock Formations to a Group of Students at Point Lobos,” 1948.
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© Courtesy of the Bill Heick family
Ben Chinn and other photography students from the California School of Fine Arts (San Francisco Art Institute) at Edward Weston’s home in Carmel, 1948
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© Courtesy of the Bill Heick family
Guest Instructor Dorothea Lange and Ansel Adams discussing Photographs by Lisette Model with Students, 1948
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© bulletin of The Museum of Modern Art, Oct.-Nov. 1943, 2 volume XI, CC0-1.0
Pressroom, library and experimental gallery of the MoMA Centre for Photography
They made it clear that photography’s true strengths could be applied to the complete panorama of photographic expression. Who were these photographers? What were their contributions? Some would become among the greatest artists of their time.
The most important photographers and their work
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© Estate of Consuelo Kanaga
Frances with a Flower by C. Kanaga. Consuelo Kanaga (1894-1978) – one of the earliest female photo-journalists. She concentrated on photographing people of color, long denied by the world of white photographers as appropriate subject matter.
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© public domain
Brett Weston (1911-1993) – Dramatic black-and-white print tonalities expressing the natural scene.
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© Courtesy of The Brett Weston Family
Dune by Brett Weston
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© public domain
Peter Stackpole (1913-1997) – an early master of the hand-held 35 mm camera. Fearless images of the building of the Oakland Bay Bridge shooting from difficult and unusual vantage points.
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© Peter Stackpole/Courtesy of The Peter Stackpole Family
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© Courtesy of Mary Alinder
Ansel Adams (1902-1984) – unforgettable landscapes that defined the American West. Each negative interpreted/performed as a musical score, each print a heightened reality to best communicate the emotions he felt when in the presence of the subject. Prolific photographic writer and teacher.
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© public domain
Moonrise by Ansel Adams
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© Courtesy of the Imogen Cunningham Trust
Agave Design I by Imogen Cunningham. Imogen Cunningham (1883-1976) – a photographic pioneer – nude studies of men and women, multiple exposures, negative prints, extreme close-ups of plants and flowers. Mentor to many and always a supporter and teacher of women.
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Public Domain
Dorothea Lange (1895-1965) – one of the first photo-documentarians. Iconic images of the Great Depression and its effects on migrant labor.
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© public domain
Migrant Mother by Dorothea Lange
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© Courtesy of the Willard van Dyke Family
Willard Van Dyke (1906-1987) – Images of strange juxtapositions of unrelated objects, expressive bones that seem to speak. He became a leader of documentary cinema and first director of the Department of Film at the Museum of Modern Art.
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© Courtesy of the Willard van Dyke Family
Bone and Sky by Willard van Dyke
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© Courtesy of the Edward Weston Family
Edward Weston (1886-1958) – Visually isolating and simplifying the subject to reach "the strongest way of seeing". Close-ups that reveal the inner beauty of everyday objects, female nudes. Supreme photographic guru and philosopher. Concept of pre-visualization – the photographer must know how the final print should look before making the negative. Mentor to many.
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© Collection Center for Creative Photography, Arizona Board of Regents
Pepper No. 30 by Edward Weston
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